Hauv thaj chaw ntawm cov tshuaj organic, cov txheej txheem tsim tawm ntawm cov khoom nruab nrab yog qhov txuas tseem ceeb hauv kev hloov cov khoom siv raw rau hauv siab - tus nqi - ntxiv tshuaj. Nws txoj kev tshawb fawb nruj thiab kev tsim nyog ncaj qha txiav txim siab cov khoom lag luam zoo, tawm los, kev nyab xeeb, thiab ib puag ncig cuam tshuam.A cov txheej txheem ua tiav feem ntau muaj cov theem xws li raw khoom pretreatment, core synthesis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, sib cais thiab purification, post- kho, thiab tiav cov khoom soj ntsuam. Txhua theem muaj kev ywj pheej tsis tau muaj kev sib raug zoo, yuav tsum muaj kev sib koom tes hauv cov txheej txheem tsim, kev teeb tsa cov cuab yeej, thiab kev tswj cov txheej txheem.
Raw khoom pretreatment yog qhov pib ntawm cov txheej txheem, aiming los muab cov khoom pib uas ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom zoo thiab cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb rau cov kev tshwm sim tom ntej. Cov theem no suav nrog kev tshuaj xyuas, khaws cia, ntsuas ntsuas, thiab tsim nyog ua kom huv ntawm cov khoom siv raw, xws li tshem tawm cov dej noo, sulfides, lossis cov khoom tsis huv. Rau cov ntaub ntawv raw los ntawm kev siv petrochemical, distillation, extraction, los yog adsorption sib cais yuav tsum tau kom tau txais monomers los yog tov nrog teev purity thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg; rau cov khoom raw khoom, crushing, sieving, los yog melting yog tsim nyog los xyuas kom meej kev sib cuag nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv system. Qhov nruj ntawm theem pretreatment tuaj yeem txo qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tawm tsam sab nraud thiab txhim kho tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig.
Lub hauv paus hluavtaws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog lub plawv technical ntawm cov txheej txheem ntws. Txoj kev tshuaj lom neeg tsim nyog raug xaiv raws li cov qauv molecular ntawm lub hom phiaj nruab nrab, xws li alkylation, acylation, esterification, amination, cyclization, coupling, lossis redox cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tuaj yeem ua tau nyob rau hauv batch reactors, nruam stirred reactors, tubular reactors, los yog tsau - txaj catalytic reactors. Kev khiav hauj lwm tej yam kev mob (kub, siab, pH, catalyst hom thiab npaum li cas, noj ib theem zuj zus thiab tus nqi) yuav tsum tau optimized sim thiab precisely tswj rau industrial ntau lawm. Rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas muaj kev kub ntxhov hnyav lossis cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev phom sij, cua txias, kev kub ntxhov ceev, thiab cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv kev sib cuam tshuam yuav tsum tau muab los ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm sab hauv. Catalyst activation, deactivation xyuas, thiab cov tswv yim tsim dua tshiab kuj tseem ceeb heev rau kev ua kom cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev ua tau zoo thiab ruaj khov.
Tom qab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, qhov kev sib cais thiab purification theem pib, aiming kom tshem tawm unreacted raw cov ntaub ntawv, byproducts, thiab cov kuab tshuaj kom tau cov intermediates uas raws li specifications. Cov txheej txheem muaj xws li distillation (atmospheric siab, txo siab, los yog chav distillation), extraction (kua-kua lossis khoom-kua extraction), crystallization (txias los yog evaporation crystallization), pom, ntxuav, thiab chromatographic sib cais. Kev xaiv ntawm txoj kev yog nyob ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom siv physicochemical ntawm cov khoom thiab impurities, nrog rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ua tiav qhov sib npaug ntawm cov txiaj ntsig siab thiab siab purity. Rau cov cua sov-sensitive intermediates, qis-kub lub tshuab nqus tsev distillation lossis nyias- zaj duab xis evaporation yog pom zoo kom tiv thaiv thermal degradation. Txhawm rau kom yooj yim emulsified systems, cov txheej txheem extractant thiab demulsification yuav tsum tau optimized.
Tshaj tawm - cov theem ua tiav suav nrog kev ziab, granulation, pulverization, lossis kev sib xyaw kom ntseeg tau tias cov khoom ua tau raws li lub cev xav tau rau kev khaws cia, kev thauj mus los, lossis kev siv ncaj qha. Txoj kev ziab (cov cua kub, lub tshuab nqus tsev, tshuaj tsuag, lossis khov- ziab) yuav tsum sib npaug ntawm kev tshem tawm cov dej noo nrog cov khoom ruaj khov; pulverization thiab sieving yog siv los tswj particle loj faib kom tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm cov dej ntws. Yog tias cov khoom nruab nrab yuav tsum tau muab sib xyaw nrog lwm cov tshuaj ntxiv, kev ntsuas qhov tseeb thiab kev sib xyaw yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig huv si, thiab hla - kev tiv thaiv kev sib kis yuav tsum tau ua.
Kev tshuaj xyuas cov khoom tiav yog qhov kawg ntawm kev kuaj xyuas hauv cov txheej txheem ntws. Hauv online lossis offline analytical txoj kev (xws li roj chromatography, kua chromatography, huab hwm coj spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, titration, thiab elemental tsom xam) yog siv los xyuas kom meej seb cov khoom purity, impurity cov ntsiab lus, cov ntsiab lus noo noo, xim, thiab cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb raws li cov qauv. Kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv yog ib txhij pub rov qab rau cov txheej txheem ua ntu zus rau kev ua kom zoo dua qub ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab kev sib cais tsis sib cais, tsim kom muaj kev kaw - voj txhim kho mechanism.
Thoob plaws hauv tag nrho cov txheej txheem, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (steam, hluav taws xob, dej txias, nitrogen, thiab compressed cua) thiab cov chaw kho cov khib nyiab (khoom siv roj nqus, biochemical lossis physicochemical wastewater kho, thiab cov khoom pov tseg sorting thiab cov peev txheej rov qab) tsim ib qho kev txhawb nqa. Lawv lub zog efficiency thiab kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig cuam tshuam rau cov txheej txheem kev lag luam thiab kev ua raws cai. Cov txheej txheem niaj hnub no nce ntxiv nrog kev tswj hwm cov txheej txheem thiab cov txheej txheem kev tshuaj xyuas cov txheej txheem (PAT) kom ua tiav - lub sijhawm saib xyuas thiab kev hloov kho ntse ntawm qhov tseem ceeb, txhim kho kev nyab xeeb thiab sib xws.
Nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus, cov txheej txheem ntawm cov organic chemical intermediates yog ib qho kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov organic sib txuas ntawm cov haujlwm ua haujlwm thiab cov tshuab engineering. Tsuas yog los ntawm kev tsim qauv zoo thiab kev ua tiav nruj hauv txhua theem- cov khoom siv raw, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, kev sib cais, tom qab- kev ua, thiab kev tswj kom zoo- tuaj yeem ua tau zoo, ruaj khov, thiab cov khoom siv ntsuab ntsuab ntawm cov khoom nruab nrab, muab lub hauv paus txhim khu kev qha tshuaj lom neeg rau kev txhim kho cov kev lag luam hauv qab.
